Students label the parts of a peanut plant on a diagram, follow step-by-step instructions to plant a peanut, and use a chart to record the growth of peanut plants. Grades 3-5

• My Peanut Plant Growth Chart Activity Sheet
• Peanut Plant Activity Sheet
• Peanut Plant Activity Sheet Key

peanut: a plant in the pea family that bears the peanut, which develops in pods that ripen underground and are widely cultivated, especially in the southern US

The History of the Peanut

The peanut plant probably originated in Brazil or Peru, although no fossil records exist to prove this. Peanuts were grown as far north as Mexico by the time the Spanish began their exploration of the New World. The explorers took peanuts back to Spain, where they are still grown today. From Spain, traders and explorers took peanuts to Africa and Asia. Africans were the first people to introduce peanuts to North America. Eventually, peanuts were planted throughout the southern United States. Today, peanuts are one of America’s favorite foods.

The “Father of the Peanut”

George Washington Carver began his research into peanuts in 1903 at Tuskeegee Institute in Alabama. The talented botanist recognized the value of peanuts as a cash crop. He proposed to farmers that peanuts be planted as a rotational crop in their fields. Many farmers found this procedure especially valuable in the southeastern cotton growing areas when insects, called boll weevils, threatened the cotton crops. By listening to the great scientist, peanut production flourished. States growing peanuts today include Georgia, Texas, Alabama, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Virginia, Florida, South Carolina, and New Mexico. Georgia grows more peanuts than any other state. Carver was able to discover over 300 uses for the peanut, including shaving cream, leather dye, coffee, ink, and shoe polish.

How the peanut plant grows

Unlike other nuts, peanuts do not grow on trees. The peanut is unusual because it grows on a plant that flowers above the ground, but the actual fruits (the peanuts) grow underground. A farmer usually plants his peanuts in April or May. Once planted, peanut seeds grow into a green plant with oval-shaped leaves that reaches about 18 inches in height. From planting to harvesting, the growing cycle of a peanut takes four to five months.

Types of peanuts

Although peanuts come in many varieties, there are four basic market types: runner, Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia. Each of the peanut types is distinctive in size, flavor, and nutritional value. Runner peanuts are known for their consistent, medium kernel size. Runner peanuts are mainly used to make peanut butter. They are also used in candy and snacks. Virginia peanuts are known for their extra large kernel size. They account for most of the peanuts roasted and processed in the shell. When they are shelled, the larger kernels are sold as snack peanuts. Peanuts known for their smaller kernels and reddish-brown skins are called Spanish peanuts. They are used in peanut butter, snack peanuts, and peanut candies. The Spanish peanuts also have a high oil content, which allows the oil to be crushed out and extracted for use in cooking. Valencia peanuts are known for having three or more small kernels to a shell and for their bright red skins. Valencia peanuts are very sweet and are usually roasted and sold in the shell.

Where do Peanuts Grow?

Eleven states produce almost all of the US peanut crop. Georgia grows nearly half of all US peanuts, followed by Florida, Alabama, Texas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Mississippi, Virginia, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and New Mexico. The peanut-producing states are grouped into three regions. The Southeast region produces the most peanuts and includes Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi. Second in production is the Virginia-Carolina region, which includes North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Third is the Southwest region, which includes Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arkansas. In 2013, 72% of all the peanuts grown in the United States were grown in the Southeast region, 15% were grown in the Virginia-Carolina region, and the remaining 13% were grown in the Southwest region.

Food for Thought

Dr. John Harvey Kellogg applied for the first patent for peanut butter in 1895. The world was introduced to peanut butter at the Universal Exposition in 1904 in St. Louis. The peanut treat sold for about six cents per pint. Both peanuts and peanut butter are protein powerhouses, providing 12 percent of the recommended daily allowance per serving. About one ounce of peanuts or two tablespoons of peanut butter equal one serving. Peanuts are also a good source of fiber. Fiber reduces the risk of some kinds of cancer and helps the digestive system eliminate waste from the body. In addition, peanuts contain mostly unsaturated fat, which is known as the “good fat.”

Peanut Allergies

The occurrence of peanut allergies in the United States has grown significantly.  Some peanut allergies are very serious health concerns. Prior to completing any of these activities, be aware of any allergies in your classroom or school and what measures should be taken to avoid allergic reactions.

Access more fun facts about peanuts at the National Peanut Board website.

1. Ask your students if they can tell you what protein does for their bodies. Allow students to draw on their prior knowledge to recognize that protein helps build and repair muscles in their body.
2. Ask your students, "What kind of foods contain lots of protein?"  Students will likely list various meat products.  Meat comes from animals and has an abundant supply of protein.  Ask your students if they can think of a protein-rich food that comes from a plant. If students cannot guess, give them some or all of the following clues until they guess peanut butter:
   • This food can be spread on bread.
   • Many people like to eat it with apples, celery, or bananas.
   • It is made by cooking and crushing a specific type of nut until it is a smooth and creamy texture.
   • You can make a sandwich using this food, jelly, and bread.
3. Explain to your students that peanut butter is a good source of protein in our diets.  It is processed or made from peanuts. Today, your students are going to learn about the peanut!

1. Read the information contained in the Background Agricultural Connections section of this lesson aloud to the students. Check student understanding by asking the assessment questions.
2. Pass out the Peanut Plant activity sheet to students. As a group, label the parts of the peanut plant.
3. Have the students follow these directions for planting peanut seeds. You may wish to demonstrate the steps as they follow along with their own cups. (Note: Peanut seeds should be soaked overnight before planting.)
   1. Get a cup. Write your name on it with a permanent marker.
   2. Make a small drainage hole in the bottom of your cup with a pen or pencil (with teacher’s help).
   3. Fill your cup with soil to within one inch of the top of the cup.
   4. Plant three to five peanuts about two inches deep in the soil. Press the soil firmly, but do not pack.
   5. Fold a paper towel into a square and moisten with water. Place the paper towel under the plastic cup.
   6. Then place your paper towel and cup on a paper or plastic plate.
   7. Place the cup and plate in a warm spot on a window sill.
   8. Record observations daily on My Peanut Plant Growth Chart.
4. Keep plants in a warm room and expose them to as much direct sunlight as possible.

Questions for Investigation and Assessment:

1. How do peanuts grow? (on a plant out of the ground and not on a tree)
2. Describe what a peanut plant looks like. (green, ovalshaped leaves, plant about 18 inches tall)
3. When does a farmer plant peanuts, and how long is the growing cycle? (plants in April or May; growing cycle is four to five months long)
4. Name some states that grow peanuts. (Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Texas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Mississippi, Virginia, and Oklahoma)
5. About how many uses for the peanut did Carver find? (Over 300)
6. What is the name of the insect that threatened the cotton crop? (boll weevil)
7. Name something Carver developed from peanuts. (Answers can include shaving cream, leather dye, coffee, ink, shoe polish)
8. Review the books Spill the Beans and Pass the Peanuts by Meredith Sayles Hughes and A Pocketful of Goobers: The Story of George Washington Carver by Barbara Mitchell.

Information from American Peanut Council’s “No-Nut Peanut” a teachers kit for grades 3-5. Reprinted with permission from American Peanut Council.

• A Home Run for Peanuts
• A Picture Book of George Washington Carver
• A Pocketful of Goobers
• A Weed Is a Flower: The Life of George Washington Carver
• Burn a Peanut- Count Calories
• From Peanut to Peanut Butter
• George Washington Carver for Kids: His Life and Discoveries, with 21 Activities
• George Washington Carver: Agriculture Pioneer
• George Washington Carver: Ingenious Inventor
• In the Garden with Dr. Carver
• My American Farm
• Nuts Flowchart
• Oilseeds Flowchart
• PB&J Hooray!
• Peanuts Ag Mag
• Spill the Beans and Pass the Peanuts
• The Little Plant Doctor: A Story About George Washington Carver
• The Secret Garden of George Washington Carver